China as a campaign issue

Last week, The New York Times reported
on an interesting phenomenon. Communist China is becoming the hot campaign
issue for both Republicans and Democrats.

David Chen reported: “From the marquee battle between Sen. Barbara Boxer
(Calif.) and Carly Fiorina
in California to the House contests in rural New York, Democrats and
Republicans are blaming one another for allowing the export of jobs to [the country’s]
economic rival. In the past week or so, at least 29 candidates have unveiled
advertisements suggesting that their opponents have been too sympathetic to
China and, as a result, Americans have suffered.”


President Obama’s attack on the Chamber of Commerce was a ham-fisted attempt to
link China to American business.

In the old days, we were worried because the Chinese Communists were going to
attack us. Now we are worried that the Chinese Capitalists are going to sell us
to death.

It is hard to blame either Republicans or Democrats for the China problem. Well,
on second thought, each party is equally to blame for the China problem. Opening
up China to trade was a top international priority for President Clinton, but
he wouldn’t have been able to pass legislation normalizing trade relations with
the Chinese without Republican support.

In the 1980s, the biggest target for American protectionists was the Japanese. In
fact, in 1985, our trade deficit with China was only a measly $6 million. By
1995, that trade deficit rose to $33 billion, soaring to $83 billion in 2000,
and skyrocketing to $202 billion five years later. The highest point the trade
deficit hit was in 2008, when the imbalance between China exports and American
exports hit a staggering $268 billion.

In 2009, the trade deficit sank back down to around $220 billion, but that was
mostly because of the sagging economy. America’s top exports to China are
electrical machinery and equipment (about $9.5 billion), power generation
equipment (about $8.4 billion), aircraft and spacecraft (about $5.3 billion),
medical equipment (about $4 billion), some commodities and some cars and trucks
(about $1.9 billion).

China exports a helluva lot more electrical machinery and equipment ($72
billion) and power generation equipment (about $62.4 billion) back to the U.S. They
also send us apparel ($24 billion), toys ($23.2 billion) and furniture (about $16
billion)

We are China’s largest trading partner, exceeding Japan by about $70 billion. We
are also China’s top export destination, beating Hong Kong by about $60 billion.
A lot of those goods that China sends to Hong Kong end up in America also.

In 2003, China replaced Mexico as the second largest source of imports for the
United States. The United States is China’s largest overseas market and second
largest source of foreign direct investment on a cumulative basis.

Some trade gurus have suggested that the surge of U.S. imports from China do
not pose an additional threat to U.S. industries and workers because it merely
represents a shift of investment and production from other Pacific Rim countries.
These so-called gurus should tell that to the American people, who have lost a
lot of jobs and are blaming the Chinese.

The United States is still the world’s largest manufacturer. It leads the world
in airplane manufacturing and it is on the leading edge in many other
industries, including petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace,
telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods,
lumber and mining.

As the Heritage Foundation points out in a report it did on China trade, it is
not the Chinese who are costing Americans jobs in these industries. “Trade with
China has increased, but this increase has come largely at the expense of other
U.S. trading partners. … The share of imports coming from China has increased
by 14 percentage points since 1992. However, the proportion of U.S. imports
coming from Pacific Rim nations other than China has dropped by 19 percent. The
overall proportion of goods the U.S. imported from the Pacific Rim actually fell
during that period … U.S. manufacturing employment has fallen primarily because
U.S. businesses have changed how they manufacture goods. Advances in computers
and robotics enable machines to perform many rote tasks that once required
human labor. Manufacturers have replaced human labor with these machines in
their production processes.” It is increased productivity that comes from
machines, computers and the information explosion. Despite the fact that about
one out of every three manufacturing jobs has been lost, the manufacturing
output in the U.S. has remained constant.

Obviously, lower-skilled jobs have been going overseas, but that has been
happening long before the Chinese came into the picture. If it weren’t the
Chinese, it would have been the Japanese or the Taiwanese or the Mexicans or
the Indians or the Indonesians that would do it.

But there still is a huge imbalance between what we import from China and what
we export to China. They export consumer goods, like toys, shirts and
televisions, which are gobbled up by eager American shoppers in places like
Wal-Mart. We export bigger things, like airplanes and cars and electronic
equipment, that they haven’t yet developed the ability to make for themselves.

Chinese consumers simply don’t have the purchasing power that American
consumers have. The per capita income of the Chinese is less than $7,000 per
person. The per capita income in the United States is more than $45,000 per
person. Americans can buy a lot more rice than the Chinese, and have enough money
to buy all the toys and big-screen televisions that they want.

The dream of American businessmen everywhere is that China will become a huge
market for American goods. That is true to a certain extent, and hopefully, it
will become truer as the Chinese develop even more economic capacity to spend
for themselves.

But the Chinese people, held back by communism for so long, are still far, far
behind when it comes to catching up to the Americans, Europeans and the
Japanese, in a per capita sense. That creates imbalances. The average Chinese
worker doesn’t make very much because he isn’t used to making very much. They
don’t spend very much, because they aren’t used to having very much. So they
are perfectly willing to work at wages far below the wages of the American
workers, but they are still not yet ready to buy whatever American consumer
products may be available to have in China (they steal American movies and
American music without too much hassle from the authorities).

American multinational companies use this imbalance to their advantage (and who
can blame them?). They navigate the opaque Chinese bureaucracy to get as many
of their products (or component parts) made by low-wage Chinese workers as
possible, and then they re-export them back into the U.S. to sell at prices
that are lower than they would have been otherwise had the products been made
in Europe or the U.S., but much higher than they could sell them in China.

All of this is scant comfort to American workers (and voters), who see their
jobs disappear and who see an easy scapegoat in the Chinese government (and in
multinational companies). This imbalance will probably continue to happen until
the Chinese labor market starts heating up to such a point that the costs of
doing business aren’t nearly as good of a deal as they are now. Then the
companies will look elsewhere to find lower-wage workers. And (hopefully) when
wages increase for Chinese workers, perhaps American companies will find ways
to export their products into China, achieving the previously mentioned dream
of American businessmen everywhere.
 
Right now, all of that seems far away. American policymakers are grappling with
the best way to deal with our structural economic imbalance with China. Do we
erect trade barriers against the Chinese? Do we make them pay their low-wage
employees more? Do we make them revalue their currency so that it rises in
value against the dollar, making American products more competitive?

A trade war is not in America’s best interests. It will kill jobs here in the
States and it will dramatically increase the price of consumer goods, just when
American consumers can least afford it.

I don’t think getting the Chinese to artificially subvert the wages marketplace
will work either. Every time we increase the minimum wage here in America, it
kills jobs here in America. The Chinese are too smart to let that happen.

Putting pressure on the Chinese to let their currency float seems like the best
option, although I doubt China will do that unless such a move is perceived by
them to be in their best interests.

China has its own political pressures. Job-seeking peasants, who are
destabilizing an already unstable society, are flooding their cities. Because
American consumers aren’t buying as many Chinese products, this has hurt their
labor market, much as it has hurt the American labor market.

Our policy should seek to find a way to make both the American worker and the
Chinese worker prosper. This isn’t a zero-sum game. Global trade between China
and America can help grow both economies as long as imbalances are managed and
the marketplace is allowed to work.

American politicians are doing their best to get on the right side of the China
question politically. But demagoguery, scare tactics and pure bullshit isn’t
really what we need right now. We need a plan that will grow our economy and
create jobs for our workers, and perhaps for China’s workers too.

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